diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 2fc31eb..052121b 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -377,23 +377,6 @@ version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7e3450815272ef58cec6d564423f6e755e25379b217b0bc688e295ba24df6b1d"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "futures-io"
-version = "0.3.32"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cecba35d7ad927e23624b22ad55235f2239cfa44fd10428eecbeba6d6a717718"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "futures-macro"
-version = "0.3.32"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e835b70203e41293343137df5c0664546da5745f82ec9b84d40be8336958447b"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-sink"
 version = "0.3.32"
@@ -413,11 +396,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "389ca41296e6190b48053de0321d02a77f32f8a5d2461dd38762c0593805c6d6"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-core",
- "futures-io",
- "futures-macro",
- "futures-sink",
  "futures-task",
- "memchr",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "slab",
 ]
@@ -878,7 +857,6 @@ name = "mkv"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "axum",
- "bytes",
  "clap",
  "reqwest",
  "rusqlite",
@@ -886,7 +864,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "sha2",
  "tokio",
- "toml",
  "tracing",
  "tracing-subscriber",
 ]
@@ -1082,7 +1059,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "encoding_rs",
  "futures-core",
- "futures-util",
  "h2",
  "http",
  "http-body",
@@ -1104,14 +1080,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "sync_wrapper",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-native-tls",
- "tokio-util",
  "tower",
  "tower-http",
  "tower-service",
  "url",
  "wasm-bindgen",
  "wasm-bindgen-futures",
- "wasm-streams",
  "web-sys",
 ]
 
@@ -1299,15 +1273,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "serde_spanned"
-version = "0.6.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bf41e0cfaf7226dca15e8197172c295a782857fcb97fad1808a166870dee75a3"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_urlencoded"
 version = "0.7.1"
@@ -1541,47 +1506,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "tokio",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "toml"
-version = "0.8.23"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dc1beb996b9d83529a9e75c17a1686767d148d70663143c7854d8b4a09ced362"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
- "serde_spanned",
- "toml_datetime",
- "toml_edit",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "toml_datetime"
-version = "0.6.11"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "22cddaf88f4fbc13c51aebbf5f8eceb5c7c5a9da2ac40a13519eb5b0a0e8f11c"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "toml_edit"
-version = "0.22.27"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "41fe8c660ae4257887cf66394862d21dbca4a6ddd26f04a3560410406a2f819a"
-dependencies = [
- "indexmap",
- "serde",
- "serde_spanned",
- "toml_datetime",
- "toml_write",
- "winnow",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "toml_write"
-version = "0.1.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5d99f8c9a7727884afe522e9bd5edbfc91a3312b36a77b5fb8926e4c31a41801"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "tower"
 version = "0.5.3"
@@ -1872,19 +1796,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasmparser",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasm-streams"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "15053d8d85c7eccdbefef60f06769760a563c7f0a9d6902a13d35c7800b0ad65"
-dependencies = [
- "futures-util",
- "js-sys",
- "wasm-bindgen",
- "wasm-bindgen-futures",
- "web-sys",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmparser"
 version = "0.244.0"
@@ -2024,15 +1935,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "winnow"
-version = "0.7.15"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "df79d97927682d2fd8adb29682d1140b343be4ac0f08fd68b7765d9c059d3945"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wit-bindgen"
 version = "0.51.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index bc2fcbc..659e8bc 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,15 +7,13 @@ edition = "2024"
 axum = "0.8"
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
 rusqlite = { version = "0.35", features = ["bundled"] }
-reqwest = { version = "0.12", features = ["stream", "json"] }
+reqwest = { version = "0.12", features = ["json"] }
 serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1"
-toml = "0.8"
 clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive"] }
 tracing = "0.1"
 tracing-subscriber = "0.3"
 sha2 = "0.10"
-bytes = "1"
 
 [profile.release]
 opt-level = 3
diff --git a/src/config.rs b/src/config.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0fe1a3f..0000000
--- a/src/config.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::path::Path;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone)]
-pub struct Config {
-    pub server: ServerConfig,
-    pub database: DatabaseConfig,
-    pub volumes: Vec<VolumeConfig>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone)]
-pub struct ServerConfig {
-    pub port: u16,
-    pub replication_factor: usize,
-    pub virtual_nodes: usize,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone)]
-pub struct DatabaseConfig {
-    pub path: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone)]
-pub struct VolumeConfig {
-    pub url: String,
-}
-
-impl Config {
-    pub fn load(path: &Path) -> Result<Self, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-        let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(path)?;
-        let config: Config = toml::from_str(&contents)?;
-        if config.volumes.is_empty() {
-            return Err("at least one volume is required".into());
-        }
-        if config.server.replication_factor == 0 {
-            return Err("replication_factor must be >= 1".into());
-        }
-        if config.server.replication_factor > config.volumes.len() {
-            return Err("replication_factor exceeds number of volumes".into());
-        }
-        Ok(config)
-    }
-
-    pub fn volume_urls(&self) -> Vec<String> {
-        self.volumes.iter().map(|v| v.url.clone()).collect()
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/db.rs b/src/db.rs
index 37b1a5f..ee835fd 100644
--- a/src/db.rs
+++ b/src/db.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 use rusqlite::{params, Connection, OpenFlags};
-use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 
 use crate::error::AppError;
 
-// --- Record type ---
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Record {
     pub key: String,
@@ -13,174 +10,95 @@ pub struct Record {
     pub size: Option<i64>,
 }
 
-// --- SQLite setup ---
-
 fn apply_pragmas(conn: &Connection) {
     conn.execute_batch(
-        "
-        PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL;
-        PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL;
-        PRAGMA busy_timeout = 5000;
-        PRAGMA temp_store = memory;
-        PRAGMA cache_size = -64000;
-        PRAGMA mmap_size = 268435456;
-        PRAGMA page_size = 4096;
-        ",
+        "PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL;
+         PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL;
+         PRAGMA busy_timeout = 5000;
+         PRAGMA temp_store = memory;
+         PRAGMA cache_size = -64000;
+         PRAGMA mmap_size = 268435456;
+         PRAGMA page_size = 4096;",
     )
     .expect("failed to set pragmas");
 }
 
-fn open_readonly(path: &str) -> Connection {
-    let conn = Connection::open_with_flags(
-        path,
-        OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_READ_ONLY
-            | OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_NO_MUTEX
-            | OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_URI,
-    )
-    .expect("failed to open read connection");
-    apply_pragmas(&conn);
-    conn
+fn parse_volumes(s: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    serde_json::from_str(s).unwrap_or_default()
 }
 
-fn open_readwrite(path: &str) -> Connection {
-    let conn = Connection::open_with_flags(
-        path,
-        OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_READ_WRITE
-            | OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE
-            | OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_NO_MUTEX
-            | OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_URI,
-    )
-    .expect("failed to open write connection");
-    apply_pragmas(&conn);
-    conn
+fn encode_volumes(v: &[String]) -> String {
+    serde_json::to_string(v).unwrap()
 }
 
-fn create_tables(conn: &Connection) {
-    conn.execute_batch(
-        "
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS kv (
-            key         TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-            volumes     TEXT NOT NULL,
-            size        INTEGER,
-            created_at  INTEGER DEFAULT (unixepoch())
-        );
-        ",
-    )
-    .expect("failed to create tables");
-}
-
-fn parse_volumes(volumes_json: &str) -> Vec<String> {
-    serde_json::from_str(volumes_json).unwrap_or_default()
-}
-
-fn encode_volumes(volumes: &[String]) -> String {
-    serde_json::to_string(volumes).unwrap()
-}
-
-// --- ReadPool ---
-
+/// A single SQLite connection behind a mutex, used for both reads and writes.
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct ReadPool {
-    conns: Vec<Arc<Mutex<Connection>>>,
-    next: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+pub struct Db {
+    conn: Arc<Mutex<Connection>>,
 }
 
-impl ReadPool {
-    pub fn new(path: &str, size: usize) -> Self {
-        let conns = (0..size)
-            .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(open_readonly(path))))
-            .collect();
-        Self {
-            conns,
-            next: Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
-        }
+impl Db {
+    pub fn new(path: &str) -> Self {
+        let conn = Connection::open_with_flags(
+            path,
+            OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_READ_WRITE
+                | OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE
+                | OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_NO_MUTEX
+                | OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_URI,
+        )
+        .expect("failed to open database");
+        apply_pragmas(&conn);
+        conn.execute_batch(
+            "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS kv (
+                key         TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+                volumes     TEXT NOT NULL,
+                size        INTEGER,
+                created_at  INTEGER DEFAULT (unixepoch())
+            );",
+        )
+        .expect("failed to create tables");
+        Self { conn: Arc::new(Mutex::new(conn)) }
     }
 
-    pub async fn query<T, F>(&self, f: F) -> Result<T, AppError>
-    where
-        T: Send + 'static,
-        F: FnOnce(&Connection) -> Result<T, AppError> + Send + 'static,
-    {
-        let idx = self.next.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) % self.conns.len();
-        let conn = self.conns[idx].clone();
+    pub async fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Result<Record, AppError> {
+        let conn = self.conn.clone();
+        let key = key.to_string();
         tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
             let conn = conn.lock().unwrap();
-            f(&conn)
+            let mut stmt = conn.prepare_cached("SELECT key, volumes, size FROM kv WHERE key = ?1")?;
+            Ok(stmt.query_row(params![key], |row| {
+                let vj: String = row.get(1)?;
+                Ok(Record { key: row.get(0)?, volumes: parse_volumes(&vj), size: row.get(2)? })
+            })?)
         })
         .await
         .unwrap()
     }
-}
 
-// --- Read query functions ---
-
-pub fn get(conn: &Connection, key: &str) -> Result<Record, AppError> {
-    let mut stmt = conn.prepare_cached("SELECT key, volumes, size FROM kv WHERE key = ?1")?;
-    Ok(stmt.query_row(params![key], |row| {
-        let volumes_json: String = row.get(1)?;
-        Ok(Record {
-            key: row.get(0)?,
-            volumes: parse_volumes(&volumes_json),
-            size: row.get(2)?,
+    pub async fn list_keys(&self, prefix: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, AppError> {
+        let conn = self.conn.clone();
+        let pattern = format!("{prefix}%");
+        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+            let conn = conn.lock().unwrap();
+            let mut stmt = conn.prepare_cached("SELECT key FROM kv WHERE key LIKE ?1 ORDER BY key")?;
+            let keys = stmt
+                .query_map(params![pattern], |row| row.get(0))?
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<String>, _>>()?;
+            Ok(keys)
         })
-    })?)
-}
-
-pub fn list_keys(conn: &Connection, prefix: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, AppError> {
-    let mut stmt = conn.prepare_cached("SELECT key FROM kv WHERE key LIKE ?1 ORDER BY key")?;
-    let pattern = format!("{prefix}%");
-    let keys = stmt
-        .query_map(params![pattern], |row| row.get(0))?
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<String>, _>>()?;
-    Ok(keys)
-}
-
-pub fn all_records(conn: &Connection) -> Result<Vec<Record>, AppError> {
-    let mut stmt = conn.prepare_cached("SELECT key, volumes, size FROM kv")?;
-    let records = stmt
-        .query_map([], |row| {
-            let volumes_json: String = row.get(1)?;
-            Ok(Record {
-                key: row.get(0)?,
-                volumes: parse_volumes(&volumes_json),
-                size: row.get(2)?,
-            })
-        })?
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-    Ok(records)
-}
-
-// --- WriterHandle ---
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct WriterHandle {
-    conn: Arc<Mutex<Connection>>,
-}
-
-impl WriterHandle {
-    pub fn new(path: &str) -> Self {
-        let conn = open_readwrite(path);
-        create_tables(&conn);
-        Self {
-            conn: Arc::new(Mutex::new(conn)),
-        }
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
     }
 
-    pub async fn put(
-        &self,
-        key: String,
-        volumes: Vec<String>,
-        size: Option<i64>,
-    ) -> Result<(), AppError> {
+    pub async fn put(&self, key: String, volumes: Vec<String>, size: Option<i64>) -> Result<(), AppError> {
         let conn = self.conn.clone();
         tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
             let conn = conn.lock().unwrap();
-            let volumes_json = encode_volumes(&volumes);
             conn.prepare_cached(
                 "INSERT INTO kv (key, volumes, size) VALUES (?1, ?2, ?3)
                  ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET volumes = ?2, size = ?3",
             )?
-            .execute(params![key, volumes_json, size])?;
+            .execute(params![key, encode_volumes(&volumes), size])?;
             Ok(())
         })
         .await
@@ -199,10 +117,7 @@ impl WriterHandle {
         .unwrap()
     }
 
-    pub async fn bulk_put(
-        &self,
-        records: Vec<(String, Vec<String>, Option<i64>)>,
-    ) -> Result<(), AppError> {
+    pub async fn bulk_put(&self, records: Vec<(String, Vec<String>, Option<i64>)>) -> Result<(), AppError> {
         let conn = self.conn.clone();
         tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
             let conn = conn.lock().unwrap();
@@ -211,12 +126,23 @@ impl WriterHandle {
                  ON CONFLICT(key) DO UPDATE SET volumes = ?2, size = ?3",
             )?;
             for (key, volumes, size) in &records {
-                let volumes_json = encode_volumes(volumes);
-                stmt.execute(params![key, volumes_json, size])?;
+                stmt.execute(params![key, encode_volumes(volumes), size])?;
             }
             Ok(())
         })
         .await
         .unwrap()
     }
+
+    pub fn all_records_sync(&self) -> Result<Vec<Record>, AppError> {
+        let conn = self.conn.lock().unwrap();
+        let mut stmt = conn.prepare_cached("SELECT key, volumes, size FROM kv")?;
+        let records = stmt
+            .query_map([], |row| {
+                let vj: String = row.get(1)?;
+                Ok(Record { key: row.get(0)?, volumes: parse_volumes(&vj), size: row.get(2)? })
+            })?
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+        Ok(records)
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/error.rs b/src/error.rs
index 75272d0..04dad66 100644
--- a/src/error.rs
+++ b/src/error.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ pub enum AppError {
     NotFound,
     Db(rusqlite::Error),
     VolumeError(String),
-    NoHealthyVolume,
 }
 
 impl From<rusqlite::Error> for AppError {
@@ -24,7 +23,6 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for AppError {
             AppError::NotFound => write!(f, "not found"),
             AppError::Db(e) => write!(f, "database error: {e}"),
             AppError::VolumeError(msg) => write!(f, "volume error: {msg}"),
-            AppError::NoHealthyVolume => write!(f, "no healthy volume available"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -33,7 +31,6 @@ impl IntoResponse for AppError {
     fn into_response(self) -> Response {
         let (status, msg) = match &self {
             AppError::NotFound => (StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, self.to_string()),
-            AppError::NoHealthyVolume => (StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE, self.to_string()),
             _ => (StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, self.to_string()),
         };
         (status, msg).into_response()
diff --git a/src/hasher.rs b/src/hasher.rs
index f917db0..9b684ea 100644
--- a/src/hasher.rs
+++ b/src/hasher.rs
@@ -1,61 +1,18 @@
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-pub struct Ring {
-    nodes: BTreeMap<u64, String>,
-    virtual_nodes: usize,
-}
-
-impl Ring {
-    pub fn new(volumes: &[String], virtual_nodes: usize) -> Self {
-        let mut ring = Self {
-            nodes: BTreeMap::new(),
-            virtual_nodes,
-        };
-        for url in volumes {
-            ring.add_volume(url);
-        }
-        ring
-    }
-
-    pub fn add_volume(&mut self, url: &str) {
-        for i in 0..self.virtual_nodes {
-            let hash = hash_key(&format!("{url}:{i}"));
-            self.nodes.insert(hash, url.to_string());
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn remove_volume(&mut self, url: &str) {
-        self.nodes.retain(|_, v| v != url);
-    }
-
-    /// Walk the ring clockwise from the key's hash position and return
-    /// `count` distinct physical volumes.
-    pub fn get_volumes(&self, key: &str, count: usize) -> Vec<String> {
-        if self.nodes.is_empty() {
-            return vec![];
-        }
-
-        let hash = hash_key(key);
-        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(count);
-
-        // Walk clockwise from hash position
-        for (_, url) in self.nodes.range(hash..).chain(self.nodes.iter()) {
-            if !result.contains(url) {
-                result.push(url.clone());
-            }
-            if result.len() == count {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        result
-    }
-}
-
-fn hash_key(input: &str) -> u64 {
-    let hash = Sha256::digest(input.as_bytes());
-    u64::from_be_bytes(hash[..8].try_into().unwrap())
+/// Pick `count` volumes for a key by hashing key+volume, sorting by score.
+/// Same idea as minikeyvalue's key2volume — stable in volume name, not position.
+pub fn volumes_for_key(key: &str, volumes: &[String], count: usize) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut scored: Vec<(u64, &String)> = volumes
+        .iter()
+        .map(|v| {
+            let hash = Sha256::digest(format!("{key}:{v}").as_bytes());
+            let score = u64::from_be_bytes(hash[..8].try_into().unwrap());
+            (score, v)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    scored.sort_by_key(|(score, _)| *score);
+    scored.into_iter().take(count).map(|(_, v)| v.clone()).collect()
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -63,48 +20,29 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_ring_distribution() {
-        let volumes: Vec<String> = (1..=3).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}:300{i}")).collect();
-        let ring = Ring::new(&volumes, 100);
-
-        let selected = ring.get_volumes("test-key", 3);
-        assert_eq!(selected.len(), 3);
-        for v in &volumes {
-            assert!(selected.contains(v), "missing volume {v}");
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_ring_deterministic() {
-        let volumes: Vec<String> = (1..=3).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}:300{i}")).collect();
-        let ring = Ring::new(&volumes, 100);
-
-        let a = ring.get_volumes("my-key", 2);
-        let b = ring.get_volumes("my-key", 2);
+    fn test_deterministic() {
+        let volumes: Vec<String> = (1..=3).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}")).collect();
+        let a = volumes_for_key("my-key", &volumes, 2);
+        let b = volumes_for_key("my-key", &volumes, 2);
         assert_eq!(a, b);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_ring_count_capped() {
-        let volumes: Vec<String> = (1..=2).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}:300{i}")).collect();
-        let ring = Ring::new(&volumes, 100);
-
-        let selected = ring.get_volumes("key", 5);
+    fn test_count_capped() {
+        let volumes: Vec<String> = (1..=2).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}")).collect();
+        let selected = volumes_for_key("key", &volumes, 5);
         assert_eq!(selected.len(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_ring_even_distribution() {
-        let volumes: Vec<String> = (1..=3).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}:300{i}")).collect();
-        let ring = Ring::new(&volumes, 100);
-
+    fn test_even_distribution() {
+        let volumes: Vec<String> = (1..=3).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}")).collect();
         let mut counts = std::collections::HashMap::new();
         for i in 0..3000 {
             let key = format!("key-{i}");
-            let primary = &ring.get_volumes(&key, 1)[0];
+            let primary = &volumes_for_key(&key, &volumes, 1)[0];
             *counts.entry(primary.clone()).or_insert(0u32) += 1;
         }
-
         for (vol, count) in &counts {
             assert!(
                 *count > 700 && *count < 1300,
@@ -114,65 +52,30 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_ring_stability_on_add() {
-        // Adding a 4th volume to a 3-volume ring should only move ~25% of keys
+    fn test_stability_on_add() {
         let volumes: Vec<String> = (1..=3).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}")).collect();
-        let ring_before = Ring::new(&volumes, 100);
-
         let mut volumes4 = volumes.clone();
         volumes4.push("http://vol4".into());
-        let ring_after = Ring::new(&volumes4, 100);
 
         let total = 10000;
         let mut moved = 0;
         for i in 0..total {
             let key = format!("key-{i}");
-            let before = &ring_before.get_volumes(&key, 1)[0];
-            let after = &ring_after.get_volumes(&key, 1)[0];
+            let before = &volumes_for_key(&key, &volumes, 1)[0];
+            let after = &volumes_for_key(&key, &volumes4, 1)[0];
             if before != after {
                 moved += 1;
             }
         }
-
-        // Ideal: 1/4 of keys move (25%). Allow 15%-40%.
         let pct = moved as f64 / total as f64 * 100.0;
         assert!(
             pct > 15.0 && pct < 40.0,
-            "expected ~25% of keys to move, got {pct:.1}% ({moved}/{total})"
+            "expected ~25% of keys to move, got {pct:.1}%"
         );
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_ring_stability_on_remove() {
-        // Removing 1 volume from a 4-volume ring should only move ~25% of keys
-        let volumes: Vec<String> = (1..=4).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}")).collect();
-        let ring_before = Ring::new(&volumes, 100);
-
-        let volumes3: Vec<String> = (1..=3).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}")).collect();
-        let ring_after = Ring::new(&volumes3, 100);
-
-        let total = 10000;
-        let mut moved = 0;
-        for i in 0..total {
-            let key = format!("key-{i}");
-            let before = &ring_before.get_volumes(&key, 1)[0];
-            let after = &ring_after.get_volumes(&key, 1)[0];
-            if before != after {
-                moved += 1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Ideal: 1/4 of keys move (25%). Allow 15%-40%.
-        let pct = moved as f64 / total as f64 * 100.0;
-        assert!(
-            pct > 15.0 && pct < 40.0,
-            "expected ~25% of keys to move, got {pct:.1}% ({moved}/{total})"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_ring_empty() {
-        let ring = Ring::new(&[], 100);
-        assert_eq!(ring.get_volumes("key", 1), Vec::<String>::new());
+    fn test_empty() {
+        assert_eq!(volumes_for_key("key", &[], 1), Vec::<String>::new());
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/health.rs b/src/health.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2637c37..0000000
--- a/src/health.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use tokio::sync::RwLock;
-
-use crate::volume::VolumeClient;
-
-pub type HealthyVolumes = Arc<RwLock<HashSet<String>>>;
-
-pub fn spawn_health_checker(
-    volume_client: VolumeClient,
-    all_volumes: Vec<String>,
-    healthy: HealthyVolumes,
-) {
-    tokio::spawn(async move {
-        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(10));
-        loop {
-            interval.tick().await;
-            for url in &all_volumes {
-                let ok = volume_client.check(url).await;
-                let mut set = healthy.write().await;
-                if ok {
-                    set.insert(url.clone());
-                } else {
-                    if set.remove(url) {
-                        tracing::warn!("Volume {url} is unhealthy");
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    });
-}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index ba245f6..fa5c1fa 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,60 +1,31 @@
-pub mod config;
 pub mod db;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod hasher;
-pub mod health;
 pub mod server;
 pub mod rebalance;
 pub mod rebuild;
-pub mod volume;
 
-use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use tokio::sync::RwLock;
 
-/// Build the axum Router with all state wired up. Returns the router and
-/// a handle to the writer (caller must keep it alive).
-pub async fn build_app(config: config::Config) -> axum::Router {
-    let db_path = &config.database.path;
+pub struct Args {
+    pub db_path: String,
+    pub volumes: Vec<String>,
+    pub replicas: usize,
+}
 
-    if let Some(parent) = std::path::Path::new(db_path).parent() {
+pub fn build_app(args: &Args) -> axum::Router {
+    if let Some(parent) = std::path::Path::new(&args.db_path).parent() {
         std::fs::create_dir_all(parent).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
             eprintln!("Failed to create database directory: {e}");
             std::process::exit(1);
         });
     }
 
-    let writer = db::WriterHandle::new(db_path);
-
-    let num_readers = std::thread::available_parallelism()
-        .map(|n| n.get())
-        .unwrap_or(4);
-    let reads = db::ReadPool::new(db_path, num_readers);
-
-    let volume_urls = config.volume_urls();
-    let ring = Arc::new(RwLock::new(hasher::Ring::new(
-        &volume_urls,
-        config.server.virtual_nodes,
-    )));
-
-    let volume_client = volume::VolumeClient::new();
-
-    let healthy_volumes: health::HealthyVolumes =
-        Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashSet::from_iter(volume_urls.clone())));
-
-    health::spawn_health_checker(
-        volume_client.clone(),
-        volume_urls,
-        healthy_volumes.clone(),
-    );
-
     let state = server::AppState {
-        writer,
-        reads,
-        ring,
-        volume_client,
-        healthy_volumes,
-        config: Arc::new(config),
+        db: db::Db::new(&args.db_path),
+        volumes: Arc::new(args.volumes.clone()),
+        replicas: args.replicas,
+        http: reqwest::Client::new(),
     };
 
     axum::Router::new()
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
index e337246..9e72269 100644
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(Parser)]
 #[command(name = "mkv", about = "Distributed key-value store")]
 struct Cli {
-    #[arg(short, long, default_value = "config.toml")]
-    config: PathBuf,
+    #[arg(short, long, default_value = "/tmp/mkv/index.db")]
+    db: String,
+
+    #[arg(short, long, required = true, value_delimiter = ',')]
+    volumes: Vec<String>,
+
+    #[arg(short, long, default_value_t = 2)]
+    replicas: usize,
 
     #[command(subcommand)]
     command: Commands,
@@ -14,7 +19,10 @@ struct Cli {
 #[derive(Subcommand)]
 enum Commands {
     /// Start the index server
-    Serve,
+    Serve {
+        #[arg(short, long, default_value_t = 3000)]
+        port: u16,
+    },
     /// Rebuild SQLite index from volume servers
     Rebuild,
     /// Rebalance data after adding/removing volumes
@@ -27,28 +35,27 @@ enum Commands {
 #[tokio::main]
 async fn main() {
     tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
-
     let cli = Cli::parse();
-    let config = mkv::config::Config::load(&cli.config).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-        eprintln!("Failed to load config: {e}");
-        std::process::exit(1);
-    });
+
+    let args = mkv::Args {
+        db_path: cli.db,
+        volumes: cli.volumes,
+        replicas: cli.replicas,
+    };
 
     match cli.command {
-        Commands::Serve => {
-            let port = config.server.port;
-            let app = mkv::build_app(config).await;
-
+        Commands::Serve { port } => {
+            let app = mkv::build_app(&args);
             let addr = format!("0.0.0.0:{port}");
             tracing::info!("Listening on {addr}");
             let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind(&addr).await.unwrap();
             axum::serve(listener, app).await.unwrap();
         }
         Commands::Rebuild => {
-            mkv::rebuild::run(&config).await;
+            mkv::rebuild::run(&args).await;
         }
         Commands::Rebalance { dry_run } => {
-            mkv::rebalance::run(&config, dry_run).await;
+            mkv::rebalance::run(&args, dry_run).await;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/rebalance.rs b/src/rebalance.rs
index bcba766..e214f15 100644
--- a/src/rebalance.rs
+++ b/src/rebalance.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::db;
-use crate::hasher::Ring;
-use crate::volume::VolumeClient;
+use crate::Args;
 
-/// What needs to happen to a single key during rebalance.
 pub struct KeyMove {
     pub key: String,
     pub size: Option<i64>,
@@ -13,26 +10,12 @@ pub struct KeyMove {
     pub to_remove: Vec<String>,
 }
 
-/// Pure: compute the diff between current and desired placement for all keys.
-pub fn plan_rebalance(
-    records: &[db::Record],
-    ring: &Ring,
-    replication: usize,
-) -> Vec<KeyMove> {
+pub fn plan_rebalance(records: &[db::Record], volumes: &[String], replication: usize) -> Vec<KeyMove> {
     let mut moves = Vec::new();
     for record in records {
-        let desired = ring.get_volumes(&record.key, replication);
-        let to_add: Vec<String> = desired
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|v| !record.volumes.contains(v))
-            .cloned()
-            .collect();
-        let to_remove: Vec<String> = record
-            .volumes
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|v| !desired.contains(v))
-            .cloned()
-            .collect();
+        let desired = crate::hasher::volumes_for_key(&record.key, volumes, replication);
+        let to_add: Vec<String> = desired.iter().filter(|v| !record.volumes.contains(v)).cloned().collect();
+        let to_remove: Vec<String> = record.volumes.iter().filter(|v| !desired.contains(v)).cloned().collect();
 
         if !to_add.is_empty() || !to_remove.is_empty() {
             moves.push(KeyMove {
@@ -48,22 +31,10 @@ pub fn plan_rebalance(
     moves
 }
 
-pub async fn run(config: &Config, dry_run: bool) {
-    let db_path = &config.database.path;
-    let replication = config.server.replication_factor;
-
-    // Open DB read-only to plan
-    let conn = rusqlite::Connection::open_with_flags(
-        db_path,
-        rusqlite::OpenFlags::SQLITE_OPEN_READ_ONLY,
-    )
-    .expect("failed to open database");
-
-    let records = db::all_records(&conn).expect("failed to read records");
-    drop(conn);
-
-    let ring = Ring::new(&config.volume_urls(), config.server.virtual_nodes);
-    let moves = plan_rebalance(&records, &ring, replication);
+pub async fn run(args: &Args, dry_run: bool) {
+    let db = db::Db::new(&args.db_path);
+    let records = db.all_records_sync().expect("failed to read records");
+    let moves = plan_rebalance(&records, &args.volumes, args.replicas);
 
     if moves.is_empty() {
         eprintln!("Nothing to rebalance — all keys are already correctly placed.");
@@ -71,44 +42,40 @@ pub async fn run(config: &Config, dry_run: bool) {
     }
 
     let total_bytes: i64 = moves.iter().filter_map(|m| m.size).sum();
-    eprintln!(
-        "{} keys to move ({} bytes)",
-        moves.len(),
-        total_bytes
-    );
+    eprintln!("{} keys to move ({} bytes)", moves.len(), total_bytes);
 
     if dry_run {
         for m in &moves {
-            eprintln!(
-                "  {} : add {:?}, remove {:?}",
-                m.key, m.to_add, m.to_remove
-            );
+            eprintln!("  {} : add {:?}, remove {:?}", m.key, m.to_add, m.to_remove);
         }
         return;
     }
 
-    // Open writer for updates
-    let writer = db::WriterHandle::new(db_path);
-
-    let client = VolumeClient::new();
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
     let mut moved = 0;
     let mut errors = 0;
 
     for m in &moves {
-        // Pick a source volume to copy from (any current volume)
         let src = &m.current_volumes[0];
-
-        // Copy to new volumes
         let mut copy_ok = true;
+
         for dst in &m.to_add {
-            match client.get(src, &m.key).await {
-                Ok(data) => {
-                    if let Err(e) = client.put(dst, &m.key, data).await {
+            let src_url = format!("{src}/{}", m.key);
+            match client.get(&src_url).send().await {
+                Ok(resp) if resp.status().is_success() => {
+                    let data = resp.bytes().await.unwrap();
+                    let dst_url = format!("{dst}/{}", m.key);
+                    if let Err(e) = client.put(&dst_url).body(data).send().await {
                         eprintln!("  ERROR copy {} to {}: {}", m.key, dst, e);
                         copy_ok = false;
                         errors += 1;
                     }
                 }
+                Ok(resp) => {
+                    eprintln!("  ERROR read {} from {}: status {}", m.key, src, resp.status());
+                    copy_ok = false;
+                    errors += 1;
+                }
                 Err(e) => {
                     eprintln!("  ERROR read {} from {}: {}", m.key, src, e);
                     copy_ok = false;
@@ -117,23 +84,16 @@ pub async fn run(config: &Config, dry_run: bool) {
             }
         }
 
-        if !copy_ok {
-            continue; // don't update index or delete if copy failed
-        }
+        if !copy_ok { continue; }
 
-        // Update index with new volume list
-        writer
-            .put(m.key.clone(), m.desired_volumes.clone(), m.size)
-            .await
-            .expect("failed to update index");
+        db.put(m.key.clone(), m.desired_volumes.clone(), m.size).await.expect("failed to update index");
 
-        // Delete from old volumes
         for old in &m.to_remove {
-            if let Err(e) = client.delete(old, &m.key).await {
+            let url = format!("{old}/{}", m.key);
+            if let Err(e) = client.delete(&url).send().await {
                 eprintln!("  WARN delete {} from {}: {}", m.key, old, e);
             }
         }
-
         moved += 1;
     }
 
@@ -147,58 +107,33 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_plan_rebalance_no_change() {
         let volumes: Vec<String> = (1..=3).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}")).collect();
-        let ring = Ring::new(&volumes, 100);
-
-        // Create records that are already correctly placed
         let records: Vec<db::Record> = (0..100)
             .map(|i| {
                 let key = format!("key-{i}");
-                let vols = ring.get_volumes(&key, 2);
-                db::Record {
-                    key,
-                    volumes: vols,
-                    size: Some(100),
-                }
+                let vols = crate::hasher::volumes_for_key(&key, &volumes, 2);
+                db::Record { key, volumes: vols, size: Some(100) }
             })
             .collect();
 
-        let moves = plan_rebalance(&records, &ring, 2);
+        let moves = plan_rebalance(&records, &volumes, 2);
         assert!(moves.is_empty());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_plan_rebalance_new_volume() {
         let volumes3: Vec<String> = (1..=3).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}")).collect();
-        let ring3 = Ring::new(&volumes3, 100);
-
-        // Place keys on 3-volume ring
         let records: Vec<db::Record> = (0..1000)
             .map(|i| {
                 let key = format!("key-{i}");
-                let vols = ring3.get_volumes(&key, 2);
-                db::Record {
-                    key,
-                    volumes: vols,
-                    size: Some(100),
-                }
+                let vols = crate::hasher::volumes_for_key(&key, &volumes3, 2);
+                db::Record { key, volumes: vols, size: Some(100) }
             })
             .collect();
 
-        // Build new ring with 4 volumes
         let volumes4: Vec<String> = (1..=4).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}")).collect();
-        let ring4 = Ring::new(&volumes4, 100);
+        let moves = plan_rebalance(&records, &volumes4, 2);
 
-        let moves = plan_rebalance(&records, &ring4, 2);
-
-        // Some keys should need to move, but not all
         assert!(!moves.is_empty());
         assert!(moves.len() < 800, "too many moves: {}", moves.len());
-
-        // Every move should involve vol4 (the new volume)
-        for m in &moves {
-            let involves_vol4 = m.to_add.iter().any(|v| v == "http://vol4")
-                || m.to_remove.iter().any(|v| v == "http://vol4");
-            assert!(involves_vol4, "move for {} doesn't involve vol4", m.key);
-        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/rebuild.rs b/src/rebuild.rs
index b2d9f9d..1ba67ed 100644
--- a/src/rebuild.rs
+++ b/src/rebuild.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::db;
+use crate::Args;
 
 #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
 struct NginxEntry {
@@ -12,36 +12,20 @@ struct NginxEntry {
     size: Option<i64>,
 }
 
-/// List all keys on a volume by recursively walking nginx autoindex.
 async fn list_volume_keys(volume_url: &str) -> Result<Vec<(String, i64)>, String> {
     let http = reqwest::Client::new();
     let mut keys = Vec::new();
-    let mut dirs = vec![String::new()]; // start at root
+    let mut dirs = vec![String::new()];
 
     while let Some(prefix) = dirs.pop() {
         let url = format!("{volume_url}/{prefix}");
-        let resp = http
-            .get(&url)
-            .send()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| format!("GET {url}: {e}"))?;
-
+        let resp = http.get(&url).send().await.map_err(|e| format!("GET {url}: {e}"))?;
         if !resp.status().is_success() {
             return Err(format!("GET {url}: status {}", resp.status()));
         }
-
-        let entries: Vec<NginxEntry> = resp
-            .json()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| format!("parse {url}: {e}"))?;
-
+        let entries: Vec<NginxEntry> = resp.json().await.map_err(|e| format!("parse {url}: {e}"))?;
         for entry in entries {
-            let full_path = if prefix.is_empty() {
-                entry.name.clone()
-            } else {
-                format!("{prefix}{}", entry.name)
-            };
-
+            let full_path = if prefix.is_empty() { entry.name.clone() } else { format!("{prefix}{}", entry.name) };
             match entry.entry_type.as_str() {
                 "directory" => dirs.push(format!("{full_path}/")),
                 "file" => keys.push((full_path, entry.size.unwrap_or(0))),
@@ -49,31 +33,24 @@ async fn list_volume_keys(volume_url: &str) -> Result<Vec<(String, i64)>, String
             }
         }
     }
-
     Ok(keys)
 }
 
-pub async fn run(config: &Config) {
-    let db_path = &config.database.path;
+pub async fn run(args: &Args) {
+    let db_path = &args.db_path;
 
-    // Ensure parent directory exists
     if let Some(parent) = std::path::Path::new(db_path).parent() {
         let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(parent);
     }
 
-    // Delete old database
     let _ = std::fs::remove_file(db_path);
     let _ = std::fs::remove_file(format!("{db_path}-wal"));
     let _ = std::fs::remove_file(format!("{db_path}-shm"));
 
-    let writer = db::WriterHandle::new(db_path);
-
-    let volume_urls = config.volume_urls();
-
-    // key -> (volumes, size)
+    let db = db::Db::new(db_path);
     let mut index: HashMap<String, (Vec<String>, i64)> = HashMap::new();
 
-    for vol_url in &volume_urls {
+    for vol_url in &args.volumes {
         eprintln!("Scanning {vol_url}...");
         match list_volume_keys(vol_url).await {
             Ok(keys) => {
@@ -81,26 +58,15 @@ pub async fn run(config: &Config) {
                 for (key, size) in keys {
                     let entry = index.entry(key).or_insert_with(|| (Vec::new(), size));
                     entry.0.push(vol_url.clone());
-                    // Use the largest size seen (they should all match)
-                    if size > entry.1 {
-                        entry.1 = size;
-                    }
+                    if size > entry.1 { entry.1 = size; }
                 }
             }
-            Err(e) => {
-                eprintln!("  Error scanning {vol_url}: {e}");
-            }
+            Err(e) => eprintln!("  Error scanning {vol_url}: {e}"),
         }
     }
 
-    // Batch insert into SQLite
-    let records: Vec<(String, Vec<String>, Option<i64>)> = index
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|(key, (volumes, size))| (key, volumes, Some(size)))
-        .collect();
-
+    let records: Vec<_> = index.into_iter().map(|(k, (v, s))| (k, v, Some(s))).collect();
     let count = records.len();
-    writer.bulk_put(records).await.expect("bulk_put failed");
-
+    db.bulk_put(records).await.expect("bulk_put failed");
     eprintln!("Rebuilt index with {count} keys");
 }
diff --git a/src/server.rs b/src/server.rs
index 13c7d43..bd9755f 100644
--- a/src/server.rs
+++ b/src/server.rs
@@ -2,201 +2,113 @@ use axum::body::Bytes;
 use axum::extract::{Path, Query, State};
 use axum::http::{HeaderMap, StatusCode};
 use axum::response::{IntoResponse, Response};
-use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use tokio::sync::RwLock;
 
-use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::db;
 use crate::error::AppError;
-use crate::hasher::Ring;
-use crate::volume::VolumeClient;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct AppState {
-    pub writer: db::WriterHandle,
-    pub reads: db::ReadPool,
-    pub ring: Arc<RwLock<Ring>>,
-    pub volume_client: VolumeClient,
-    pub healthy_volumes: Arc<RwLock<HashSet<String>>>,
-    pub config: Arc<Config>,
+    pub db: db::Db,
+    pub volumes: Arc<Vec<String>>,
+    pub replicas: usize,
+    pub http: reqwest::Client,
 }
 
-// --- Pure decision functions ---
-
-/// Pick the first volume from the record that appears in the healthy set.
-fn pick_healthy_volume<'a>(
-    record_volumes: &'a [String],
-    healthy: &HashSet<String>,
-) -> Option<&'a str> {
-    record_volumes
-        .iter()
-        .find(|v| healthy.contains(v.as_str()))
-        .map(|v| v.as_str())
-}
-
-/// Select target volumes for a key, ensuring we have enough for replication.
-fn select_volumes(ring: &Ring, key: &str, replication: usize) -> Result<Vec<String>, AppError> {
-    let target_volumes = ring.get_volumes(key, replication);
-    if target_volumes.len() < replication {
-        return Err(AppError::VolumeError(format!(
-            "need {replication} volumes but only {} available",
-            target_volumes.len()
-        )));
-    }
-    Ok(target_volumes)
-}
-
-/// Evaluate fan-out results. Returns the list of volumes that succeeded,
-/// or the error messages if any failed.
-fn evaluate_fanout(
-    results: Vec<Result<(), String>>,
-    volumes: &[String],
-) -> Result<Vec<String>, Vec<String>> {
-    let mut succeeded = Vec::new();
-    let mut errors = Vec::new();
-    for (i, result) in results.into_iter().enumerate() {
-        match result {
-            Ok(()) => succeeded.push(volumes[i].clone()),
-            Err(e) => errors.push(e),
-        }
-    }
-    if errors.is_empty() {
-        Ok(succeeded)
-    } else {
-        Err(errors)
-    }
-}
-
-// --- Handlers ---
-
-/// GET /:key — look up key, redirect to a healthy volume
 pub async fn get_key(
     State(state): State<AppState>,
     Path(key): Path<String>,
 ) -> Result<Response, AppError> {
-    let record = state
-        .reads
-        .query({
-            let key = key.clone();
-            move |conn| db::get(conn, &key)
-        })
-        .await?;
-
-    let healthy = state.healthy_volumes.read().await;
-    let vol = pick_healthy_volume(&record.volumes, &healthy).ok_or(AppError::NoHealthyVolume)?;
+    let record = state.db.get(&key).await?;
+    let vol = &record.volumes[0];
     let location = format!("{vol}/{key}");
-
-    Ok((
-        StatusCode::FOUND,
-        [(axum::http::header::LOCATION, location)],
-    )
-        .into_response())
+    Ok((StatusCode::FOUND, [(axum::http::header::LOCATION, location)]).into_response())
 }
 
-/// PUT /:key — store blob on volumes, record in index
 pub async fn put_key(
     State(state): State<AppState>,
     Path(key): Path<String>,
     body: Bytes,
 ) -> Result<Response, AppError> {
-    let target_volumes = {
-        let ring = state.ring.read().await;
-        select_volumes(&ring, &key, state.config.server.replication_factor)?
-    };
+    let target_volumes = crate::hasher::volumes_for_key(&key, &state.volumes, state.replicas);
+    if target_volumes.len() < state.replicas {
+        return Err(AppError::VolumeError(format!(
+            "need {} volumes but only {} available",
+            state.replicas,
+            target_volumes.len()
+        )));
+    }
 
     // Fan out PUTs to all target volumes concurrently
     let mut handles = Vec::with_capacity(target_volumes.len());
     for vol in &target_volumes {
-        let client = state.volume_client.clone();
-        let vol = vol.clone();
-        let key = key.clone();
-        let data = body.clone();
-        handles.push(tokio::spawn(async move {
-            client.put(&vol, &key, data).await
-        }));
+        let url = format!("{vol}/{key}");
+        let handle = tokio::spawn({
+            let client = state.http.clone();
+            let data = body.clone();
+            async move {
+                let resp = client.put(&url).body(data).send().await.map_err(|e| format!("PUT {url}: {e}"))?;
+                if !resp.status().is_success() {
+                    return Err(format!("PUT {url}: status {}", resp.status()));
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        });
+        handles.push(handle);
     }
 
-    let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(handles.len());
+    let mut all_ok = true;
     for handle in handles {
-        results.push(handle.await.unwrap());
+        if let Err(e) = handle.await.unwrap() {
+            tracing::error!("PUT to volume failed: {e}");
+            all_ok = false;
+        }
     }
 
-    match evaluate_fanout(results, &target_volumes) {
-        Ok(succeeded_volumes) => {
-            let size = Some(body.len() as i64);
-            state.writer.put(key, succeeded_volumes, size).await?;
-            Ok(StatusCode::CREATED.into_response())
-        }
-        Err(errors) => {
-            for e in &errors {
-                tracing::error!("PUT to volume failed: {e}");
-            }
-            // Rollback: best-effort delete from any volumes that may have succeeded
-            for vol in &target_volumes {
-                let _ = state.volume_client.delete(vol, &key).await;
-            }
-            Err(AppError::VolumeError(
-                "not all volume writes succeeded".into(),
-            ))
+    if !all_ok {
+        // Rollback: best-effort delete from volumes
+        for vol in &target_volumes {
+            let _ = state.http.delete(format!("{vol}/{key}")).send().await;
         }
+        return Err(AppError::VolumeError("not all volume writes succeeded".into()));
     }
+
+    let size = Some(body.len() as i64);
+    state.db.put(key, target_volumes, size).await?;
+    Ok(StatusCode::CREATED.into_response())
 }
 
-/// DELETE /:key — remove from volumes and index
 pub async fn delete_key(
     State(state): State<AppState>,
     Path(key): Path<String>,
 ) -> Result<Response, AppError> {
-    let record = state
-        .reads
-        .query({
-            let key = key.clone();
-            move |conn| db::get(conn, &key)
-        })
-        .await?;
+    let record = state.db.get(&key).await?;
 
-    // Fan out DELETEs concurrently
     let mut handles = Vec::new();
     for vol in &record.volumes {
-        let client = state.volume_client.clone();
-        let vol = vol.clone();
-        let key = key.clone();
-        handles.push(tokio::spawn(
-            async move { client.delete(&vol, &key).await },
-        ));
+        let url = format!("{vol}/{key}");
+        let client = state.http.clone();
+        handles.push(tokio::spawn(async move { client.delete(&url).send().await }));
     }
-
     for handle in handles {
         if let Err(e) = handle.await.unwrap() {
             tracing::error!("DELETE from volume failed: {e}");
         }
     }
 
-    // Remove from index regardless of volume DELETE results
-    state.writer.delete(key).await?;
-
+    state.db.delete(key).await?;
     Ok(StatusCode::NO_CONTENT.into_response())
 }
 
-/// HEAD /:key — check if key exists, return size
 pub async fn head_key(
     State(state): State<AppState>,
     Path(key): Path<String>,
 ) -> Result<Response, AppError> {
-    let record = state
-        .reads
-        .query(move |conn| db::get(conn, &key))
-        .await?;
-
+    let record = state.db.get(&key).await?;
     let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
     if let Some(size) = record.size {
-        headers.insert(
-            axum::http::header::CONTENT_LENGTH,
-            size.to_string().parse().unwrap(),
-        );
+        headers.insert(axum::http::header::CONTENT_LENGTH, size.to_string().parse().unwrap());
     }
-
     Ok((StatusCode::OK, headers).into_response())
 }
 
@@ -206,89 +118,27 @@ pub struct ListQuery {
     pub prefix: String,
 }
 
-/// GET / — list keys with optional prefix filter
 pub async fn list_keys(
     State(state): State<AppState>,
     Query(query): Query<ListQuery>,
 ) -> Result<Response, AppError> {
-    let keys = state
-        .reads
-        .query(move |conn| db::list_keys(conn, &query.prefix))
-        .await?;
-
-    let body = keys.join("\n");
-    Ok((StatusCode::OK, body).into_response())
+    let keys = state.db.list_keys(&query.prefix).await?;
+    Ok((StatusCode::OK, keys.join("\n")).into_response())
 }
 
-// --- Tests for pure functions ---
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
     #[test]
-    fn test_pick_healthy_volume_first_match() {
-        let volumes = vec!["http://vol1".into(), "http://vol2".into(), "http://vol3".into()];
-        let healthy: HashSet<String> = ["http://vol2".into(), "http://vol3".into()].into();
-
-        assert_eq!(pick_healthy_volume(&volumes, &healthy), Some("http://vol2"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_pick_healthy_volume_none_healthy() {
-        let volumes = vec!["http://vol1".into(), "http://vol2".into()];
-        let healthy: HashSet<String> = HashSet::new();
-
-        assert_eq!(pick_healthy_volume(&volumes, &healthy), None);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_pick_healthy_volume_all_healthy() {
-        let volumes = vec!["http://vol1".into(), "http://vol2".into()];
-        let healthy: HashSet<String> = ["http://vol1".into(), "http://vol2".into()].into();
-
-        assert_eq!(pick_healthy_volume(&volumes, &healthy), Some("http://vol1"));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_select_volumes_sufficient() {
+    fn test_volumes_for_key_sufficient() {
         let volumes: Vec<String> = (1..=3).map(|i| format!("http://vol{i}")).collect();
-        let ring = Ring::new(&volumes, 50);
-
-        let selected = select_volumes(&ring, "test-key", 2).unwrap();
+        let selected = crate::hasher::volumes_for_key("test-key", &volumes, 2);
         assert_eq!(selected.len(), 2);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_select_volumes_insufficient() {
+    fn test_volumes_for_key_insufficient() {
         let volumes: Vec<String> = vec!["http://vol1".into()];
-        let ring = Ring::new(&volumes, 50);
-
-        assert!(select_volumes(&ring, "test-key", 2).is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_evaluate_fanout_all_ok() {
-        let volumes = vec!["http://vol1".into(), "http://vol2".into()];
-        let results = vec![Ok(()), Ok(())];
-
-        assert_eq!(evaluate_fanout(results, &volumes).unwrap(), volumes);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_evaluate_fanout_partial_failure() {
-        let volumes = vec!["http://vol1".into(), "http://vol2".into()];
-        let results = vec![Ok(()), Err("connection refused".into())];
-
-        let errors = evaluate_fanout(results, &volumes).unwrap_err();
-        assert_eq!(errors, vec!["connection refused"]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_evaluate_fanout_all_fail() {
-        let volumes = vec!["http://vol1".into(), "http://vol2".into()];
-        let results = vec![Err("err1".into()), Err("err2".into())];
-
-        assert_eq!(evaluate_fanout(results, &volumes).unwrap_err().len(), 2);
+        let selected = crate::hasher::volumes_for_key("test-key", &volumes, 2);
+        assert_eq!(selected.len(), 1);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/volume.rs b/src/volume.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a1aa1c..0000000
--- a/src/volume.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use std::time::Duration;
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct VolumeClient {
-    client: reqwest::Client,
-}
-
-impl VolumeClient {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
-            .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(2))
-            .timeout(Duration::from_secs(30))
-            .pool_max_idle_per_host(10)
-            .build()
-            .expect("failed to build HTTP client");
-        Self { client }
-    }
-
-    /// PUT a blob to a volume server at /{key}.
-    pub async fn put(&self, volume_url: &str, key: &str, data: Bytes) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let url = format!("{volume_url}/{key}");
-        let resp = self
-            .client
-            .put(&url)
-            .body(data)
-            .send()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| format!("PUT {url}: {e}"))?;
-
-        if !resp.status().is_success() {
-            return Err(format!("PUT {url}: status {}", resp.status()));
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// GET a blob from a volume server.
-    pub async fn get(&self, volume_url: &str, key: &str) -> Result<Bytes, String> {
-        let url = format!("{volume_url}/{key}");
-        let resp = self
-            .client
-            .get(&url)
-            .send()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| format!("GET {url}: {e}"))?;
-
-        if resp.status() == reqwest::StatusCode::NOT_FOUND {
-            return Err(format!("GET {url}: not found"));
-        }
-        if !resp.status().is_success() {
-            return Err(format!("GET {url}: status {}", resp.status()));
-        }
-
-        resp.bytes()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| format!("GET {url} body: {e}"))
-    }
-
-    /// DELETE a blob from a volume server.
-    pub async fn delete(&self, volume_url: &str, key: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-        let url = format!("{volume_url}/{key}");
-        let resp = self
-            .client
-            .delete(&url)
-            .send()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| format!("DELETE {url}: {e}"))?;
-
-        // 404 is fine — already gone
-        if !resp.status().is_success() && resp.status() != reqwest::StatusCode::NOT_FOUND {
-            return Err(format!("DELETE {url}: status {}", resp.status()));
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Health check a volume server.
-    pub async fn check(&self, volume_url: &str) -> bool {
-        let url = format!("{volume_url}/");
-        self.client
-            .head(&url)
-            .timeout(Duration::from_secs(2))
-            .send()
-            .await
-            .is_ok_and(|r| r.status().is_success())
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/integration.rs b/tests/integration.rs
index fce1057..7473358 100644
--- a/tests/integration.rs
+++ b/tests/integration.rs
@@ -1,37 +1,35 @@
 use reqwest::StatusCode;
-use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering};
 
 static TEST_COUNTER: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);
 
-/// Start the mkv server in-process on a random port with its own DB.
-/// Returns the base URL (e.g. "http://localhost:12345").
 async fn start_server() -> String {
     let id = TEST_COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
     let db_path = format!("/tmp/mkv-test/index-{id}.db");
 
-    // Clean up any previous test database
     let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&db_path);
     let _ = std::fs::remove_file(format!("{db_path}-wal"));
     let _ = std::fs::remove_file(format!("{db_path}-shm"));
 
-    let mut config =
-        mkv::config::Config::load(Path::new("tests/test_config.toml")).expect("load test config");
-    config.database.path = db_path;
+    let args = mkv::Args {
+        db_path,
+        volumes: vec![
+            "http://localhost:3101".into(),
+            "http://localhost:3102".into(),
+            "http://localhost:3103".into(),
+        ],
+        replicas: 2,
+    };
 
-    // Bind to port 0 to get a random available port
     let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
     let port = listener.local_addr().unwrap().port();
-
-    let app = mkv::build_app(config).await;
+    let app = mkv::build_app(&args);
 
     tokio::spawn(async move {
         axum::serve(listener, app).await.unwrap();
     });
 
-    // Give the server a moment to start
     tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
-
     format!("http://127.0.0.1:{port}")
 }
 
@@ -47,26 +45,12 @@ async fn test_put_and_head() {
     let base = start_server().await;
     let c = client();
 
-    // PUT a key
-    let resp = c
-        .put(format!("{base}/hello"))
-        .body("world")
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+    let resp = c.put(format!("{base}/hello")).body("world").send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
 
-    // HEAD should return 200 with content-length
     let resp = c.head(format!("{base}/hello")).send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
-    assert_eq!(
-        resp.headers()
-            .get("content-length")
-            .unwrap()
-            .to_str()
-            .unwrap(),
-        "5"
-    );
+    assert_eq!(resp.headers().get("content-length").unwrap().to_str().unwrap(), "5");
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
@@ -74,26 +58,15 @@ async fn test_put_and_get_redirect() {
     let base = start_server().await;
     let c = client();
 
-    // PUT
-    let resp = c
-        .put(format!("{base}/redirect-test"))
-        .body("some data")
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+    let resp = c.put(format!("{base}/redirect-test")).body("some data").send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
 
-    // GET should return 302 with Location header pointing to a volume
     let resp = c.get(format!("{base}/redirect-test")).send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::FOUND);
 
     let location = resp.headers().get("location").unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
-    assert!(
-        location.starts_with("http://localhost:310"),
-        "location should point to a volume, got: {location}"
-    );
+    assert!(location.starts_with("http://localhost:310"), "got: {location}");
 
-    // Follow the redirect manually and verify the blob content
     let blob_resp = reqwest::get(location).await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(blob_resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
     assert_eq!(blob_resp.text().await.unwrap(), "some data");
@@ -103,7 +76,6 @@ async fn test_put_and_get_redirect() {
 async fn test_get_nonexistent_returns_404() {
     let base = start_server().await;
     let c = client();
-
     let resp = c.get(format!("{base}/does-not-exist")).send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
 }
@@ -113,24 +85,15 @@ async fn test_put_get_delete_get() {
     let base = start_server().await;
     let c = client();
 
-    // PUT
-    let resp = c
-        .put(format!("{base}/delete-me"))
-        .body("temporary")
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+    let resp = c.put(format!("{base}/delete-me")).body("temporary").send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
 
-    // GET → 302
     let resp = c.get(format!("{base}/delete-me")).send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::FOUND);
 
-    // DELETE → 204
     let resp = c.delete(format!("{base}/delete-me")).send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NO_CONTENT);
 
-    // GET after delete → 404
     let resp = c.get(format!("{base}/delete-me")).send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
 }
@@ -139,12 +102,7 @@ async fn test_put_get_delete_get() {
 async fn test_delete_nonexistent_returns_404() {
     let base = start_server().await;
     let c = client();
-
-    let resp = c
-        .delete(format!("{base}/never-existed"))
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+    let resp = c.delete(format!("{base}/never-existed")).send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
 }
 
@@ -153,28 +111,17 @@ async fn test_list_keys() {
     let base = start_server().await;
     let c = client();
 
-    // PUT a few keys with a common prefix
     for name in ["docs/a", "docs/b", "docs/c", "other/x"] {
-        c.put(format!("{base}/{name}"))
-            .body("data")
-            .send()
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
+        c.put(format!("{base}/{name}")).body("data").send().await.unwrap();
     }
 
-    // List all
     let resp = c.get(format!("{base}/")).send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
     let body = resp.text().await.unwrap();
     assert!(body.contains("docs/a"));
     assert!(body.contains("other/x"));
 
-    // List with prefix filter
-    let resp = c
-        .get(format!("{base}/?prefix=docs/"))
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+    let resp = c.get(format!("{base}/?prefix=docs/")).send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
     let body = resp.text().await.unwrap();
     let lines: Vec<&str> = body.lines().collect();
@@ -187,34 +134,14 @@ async fn test_put_overwrite() {
     let base = start_server().await;
     let c = client();
 
-    // PUT v1
-    c.put(format!("{base}/overwrite"))
-        .body("version1")
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+    c.put(format!("{base}/overwrite")).body("version1").send().await.unwrap();
 
-    // PUT v2 (same key)
-    let resp = c
-        .put(format!("{base}/overwrite"))
-        .body("version2")
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+    let resp = c.put(format!("{base}/overwrite")).body("version2").send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
 
-    // HEAD should reflect new size
     let resp = c.head(format!("{base}/overwrite")).send().await.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        resp.headers()
-            .get("content-length")
-            .unwrap()
-            .to_str()
-            .unwrap(),
-        "8"
-    );
+    assert_eq!(resp.headers().get("content-length").unwrap().to_str().unwrap(), "8");
 
-    // Follow redirect, verify content is v2
     let resp = c.get(format!("{base}/overwrite")).send().await.unwrap();
     let location = resp.headers().get("location").unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
     let body = reqwest::get(location).await.unwrap().text().await.unwrap();
@@ -226,27 +153,12 @@ async fn test_replication_writes_to_multiple_volumes() {
     let base = start_server().await;
     let c = client();
 
-    // PUT a key (replication_factor=2 in test config)
-    c.put(format!("{base}/replicated"))
-        .body("replica-data")
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+    c.put(format!("{base}/replicated")).body("replica-data").send().await.unwrap();
 
-    // HEAD to confirm it exists
-    let resp = c
-        .head(format!("{base}/replicated"))
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+    let resp = c.head(format!("{base}/replicated")).send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::OK);
 
-    // GET and verify the blob is accessible
-    let resp = c
-        .get(format!("{base}/replicated"))
-        .send()
-        .await
-        .unwrap();
+    let resp = c.get(format!("{base}/replicated")).send().await.unwrap();
     assert_eq!(resp.status(), StatusCode::FOUND);
     let location = resp.headers().get("location").unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
     let body = reqwest::get(location).await.unwrap().text().await.unwrap();